Agronomy as the most important source of pooviding food for humans, has fundamentally changed the mechanism and action of natural ecosystems.Human’s utilization of natural resources is always unilateral and irregular. There is no regard to conservational aspects and it is only based on obtaining shortterm benefits. In creasing growth of population and food shortage tension, has caused more utilization of natural resources. It can lead to biological imbalance.For stabilizing natural resources it is essential to synchronize natural resources preservation with food security in order to produce more revenue for lowincome families. Agroforestry is an alternative. The object of this study is to compare the income, production and economy different systems of enbloc agronomy and Agroforestry. Data was collected with outdoor study, questionnaire, personal question and discussion with 40 Agronomy and Agroforestry users in a random sampling procedure. Results have shown that agronomy products income is more than Agroforestry products income. But total income in Agroforestry systems is higher than agronomy systems with attention to the kind of system (namely fruit, wood). Since Agroforestry systems render higher income for farmer, it can raise life level and public welfare in villages and indirectly prevent migration to cities. Thereupon Agroforestry can not only lead to natural process and stability of natural resources, but can also lead to the development of rural economy.

Many tubular joints commonly found in offshore jacket structures are multi-planar. Investigating the effect of loaded out-of-plane braces on the values of the stress concentration factor (SCF) in offshore tubular joints has been the objective of numerous research works. However, due to the diversity of joint types and loading conditions, several quite important cases still exist that have not been studied thoroughly. Among them are internally ring-stiffened multi-planar XT-joints subjected to axial loading. In the present research, data extracted from the stress analysis of 81 finite element (FE) models, verified using experimental test results, was used to study the effects of geometrical parameters on the chord-side SCFs in multi-planar tubular XT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners subjected to two types of axial loading. Parametric FE study was followed by a set of the nonlinear regression analyses to develop four new SCF parametric equations for the fatigue analysis and design of axially loaded multi-planar XT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners.

Background: Fuzzy logic, a mathematical approach, defines the percentage of desirability for recommended amount of food groups and describes the range of intakes, from deficiency to excess.Objectives: The purpose of this research was to find the best fuzzy dietary pattern that constraints energy and nutrients by the iterative algorithm.Materials and Methods: An index is derived that reflects how closely the diet of an individual meets all the nutrient requirements set by the dietary reference intake. Fuzzy pyramid pattern was applied for the energy levels from 1000 to 4000 Kcal which estimated the range of recommended servings for seven food groups including fruits, vegetables, grains, meats, milk, oils, fat and added sugar.Results: The optimum (lower attention – upper attention) recommended servings per day for fruits, vegetables, grain, meat, dairy, and oils of the 2000 kcal diet were 4.06 (3.75-4.25), 6.69 (6.25-7.00), 5.69 (5.75-6.25), 4.94 (4.5-5.2), 2.75 (2.50-3.00), and 2.56 (2.5-2.75), respectively. The fuzzy pattern met most recommended nutrient intake levels except for potassium and vitamin E, which were estimated at 98% and 69% of the dietary reference intake, respectively.Conclusions: Using fuzzy logic provides an elegant mathematical solution for finding the optimum point of food groups in dietary pattern.

Introduction: The first short term special course was held named as diabetes educator nurse. This article brifely reavealed the process of designing, performing and executive challenges of the course.Methods: Due to lack of previous history of courses for training diabetes nurse educator in Iran, wide literature review was done on credible sources. Mission, goals, course content, and training methods was determined based on obtained information from literature review, several meetings with endocrinology and metabolism specialists and faculty members of school of nursing and midwifery and considering the job description specified for the diabetes nurse in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Course was designed as a six-month course (280 hours including 100 hours theoretical issues, 180 hours practical issues). Accepting 30 volunteers were estimated in each course. A registration criterion was at least holding BSc in nursing. Passing criteria was gaining at least 16 score in theoretical and practical exam. Prepared core curriculum was send to department of continuing education in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education.Results: Department of continuing education assessed prepared core curriculum, and then experts recommendations was done. Finally, curriculum was approved and allowed to be implemented. Considering challenges that First specialized course would be faced, course was hold by eight participants. The best teachers of endocrinology and metabolism specialists and best teachers of school of nursing and midwifery (Isfahan University of Medical Sciences) were used in teaching theoretical and practical topics. All learners could successfully finish the course.Conclusion: The successful holding of specialized training course in diabetes nurse educator increased motivation to hold this course again. However, holding this course again requires more support of health authorities in the province and country. In addition, there is need to revise executive principle of course in order to facilitate and attract more learner.

Since Critical Rationalism is considered by some more of an attitude or mindset and by others a methodological approach to philosophical thinking and practical problem-solving, its application, or more accurately, its epistemological testing grounds, should be expected to be much more wide-ranging than they have been so far. With the exception of some published anthologies on Critical Rationalism and occasional nods to the legacy of Karl Popper’s falsificationist methodology, relatively few applicaions of a critical rational approach to contemporary theoretical debates in the social sciences have been published. I wish here to critically challenge the (optimistic) Hegelian and by extension the neoliberal view of the progress of American capitalism by reframing it with the Marxian notion of expropriation as applied to enslavement on plantations. The logic of enslavement as a process by which brutal exploitation has been practiced for centuries offers a falsifying test case of the rationality of capitalism and its promise of individual freedom of choice. This essay is an explicit exercise in the potential power of a version of Popperian critical rationalism being applied to the intersection of modern liberalism and capitalism, exploring the imbrication of a critical and rational analysis.

This article investigates the problem of simultaneous attitude and vibration control of a flexible spacecraft to perform high precision attitude maneuvers and reduce vibrations caused by the flexible panel excitations in the presence of external disturbances, system uncertainties, and actuator faults. Adaptive integral sliding mode control is used in conjunction with an attitude actuator fault iterative learning observer (based on sliding mode) to develop an active fault tolerant algorithm considering rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions. The discontinuous structure of fault-tolerant control led to discontinuous commands in the control signal, resulting in chattering. This issue was resolved by introducing an adaptive rule for the sliding surface. Furthermore, the utilization of the sign function in the iterative learning observer for estimating actuator faults has not only enhanced its robustness to external disturbances through a straightforward design, but has also led to a decrease in computing workload. The strain rate feedback control algorithm has been employed with the use of piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches to minimize residual vibrations caused by rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions and the effect of attitude actuator faults. Lyapunov's law ensures finite-time overall system stability even with fully coupled rigid-flexible nonlinear dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed system compared to other conventional approaches.